简答题 In 1644, he wrote a protest against a parliamentary decree reimposing complete censorship of the press. This was his best known prose _.

简答题 This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of__,__,__, and __.

简答题 The triumphs of science revived __. This new outlook shattered the deeply established Scholasticism(经院哲学：烦琐哲学) and brought about __, which was materialist in nature.

简答题 In the 17th century Europe advanced from the ___ to the modern times.

简答题 Although he did not belong to the I7th century, Nicolaus Copernicus was the immediate _ of modern science.

简答题 In 1496 Copernicus left for Italy where he spent the next ten yeas studying at various universities. After returning to Poland, he began a career in the church and at the same time continued with his work on the problems of astronomy. By this time the Ptolemaic system(托勒密体系，或译天动说)had been accepted by almost all learned men, which said that the _ was the centre of the universe, which was in agreement with religious doctrines.

简答题 Copernicus's chief work The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs (《天体运行论》) was published in 1543. In this mathematical description of the heavens, Copernicus put forward his theory that the _ , not the earth, is the centre of the universe.

简答题 The sciences advanced in logical progression through modern history: first a break-through in _ and _ in the 17th century, followed by rapid developments in the field of chemistry in the 18th century and then advances in biology in the 19th century and psychology in the 20th century.

简答题 The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the __, and other classes. The 17th century saw the intense political struggle, shown in __ and __,which marked the growth of modern state power.