text_3b_is_business_bad_for_science_

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Many would ____ that science has lost the freedom and the time to carry out research as thoroughly and as painstakingly as it should.

A major cause for concern ____ by one delegate at the conference – haematologist Nancy Olivieri, of Toronto University – was the concealment of research findings which might be detrimental to the interests particularly of large multinational companies.

Olivieri ____ that when evidence emerged that the drug had a high level of toxicity, the company that produced the drug and funded the research went to great lengths to stop her publishing her concerns.

Olivieri ____ that the suppression of medical research findings was contrary to the principles of the Hippocratic Oath – according to which doctors swear to practise medicine ethically.

A key conference delegate was the late John Ziman – a noted physicist who was also interested in the social aspects of science – who ____ research as either instrumental or non-instrumental.

Ziman ____ instrumental research as "practical", "proprietary" and "partisan".

Ziman ____ that although non-instrumental research formed a crucial foundation for instrumental research, the motivation for undertaking non-instrumental research was much less immediately obvious.

Ziman ____ that a post-academic culture had evolved in which science was no longer the province of universities or non-commercial research institutes but was treated as a "saleable commodity" not ____ in the interests of the public.

Ziman ____ that a post-academic culture had evolved in which science was no longer the province of universities or non-commercial research institutes but was treated as a "saleable commodity" not ____ in the interests of the public.

However, there is little doubt that serious scientific research would struggle if not collapse without cooperation between universities and business interests, underpinned by government support. This was a viewpoint ____ by another delegate, David Weatherall of Oxford University's Institute of Molecular Medicine.

He ____ the importance of eliminating the pressure on science always to achieve short-term goals.

Weatherall ____ that many scientists and universities were too naïve and too easily exploited, and suggested that review panels be set up to monitor all scientific research to protect both science and the public it served.

The issue of scientific research only promising immediate or short-term economic benefits was also ____ by another delegate, environmentalist and political activist George Monbiot.

He ____ governments for encouraging this attitude.

He also ____ that commercial bias was evident in terms of which areas of research were selected for funding, ____ this as "the radon factor".

He also ____ that commercial bias was evident in terms of which areas of research were selected for funding, ____ this as "the radon factor".

The chemical element radon is the only pollutant known to occur naturally and not as the result of industrial or agricultural activity, and Monbiot ____ that scientific research on radon pollution was more likely to be funded than research on any other kind of pollution simply because radon pollution does not occur as a result of human activity.

Similar bias, he ____, was ____ in the way that public funds were allocated for research on biotechnology in agriculture and medicine while research on the possible dangers of genetic engineering was clearly neglected.

Similar bias, he ____, was ____ in the way that public funds were allocated for research on biotechnology in agriculture and medicine while research on the possible dangers of genetic engineering was clearly neglected.

Monbiot ____ that scientists were too easily enticed by business funding without due consideration for public needs.

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