【语言学导论】要点

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Facing a situation like this, we must realize that the road to successful cross-cultural communication is always an extremely thorny one, full of linguistic pitfalls and cultural traps, and that any ignorance of this fact will lead to serious results and unexpected blunders. The following unpleasant experience female Chinese students had when visiting the city of New York is another case in point. Their sad story shows that even "Hello," the most common greeting word in English, if used inappropriately, will throw innocent language learners in a rather embarrassing situation. What Is Wrong with Their "Hello"? A group of Chinese girls who just arrived at the United States for their university education decided to visit the city of New York together. Since their school was not very far from the city, they planned to take a Greyhound bus to go there at weekend. Saturday morning, they got up early and after two hours' drive they got to the downtown of the city. They stayed there for a couple of hours, shopping and sightseeing happily. Everything seemed OK until it was the time for them to go back—they suddenly realized that they lost their way back to the Greyhound bus station. What made the situation worse was that it was getting darker. In despair, they stopped at a corner on the street and decided to ask for help. At this moment they saw a young couple passing by so they said "Hello!" to the couple. To their surprise, the couple looked at them coldly and hustled on. Having no way out, the girls approached the next group of passers-by and tried a louder "Hello" this time. Again they got nothing but a cold shoulder from these city people. Careful readers may have already realized what went wrong with the language used by these Chinese women. In a public setting like this, English speakers would use "excuse me" rather than "hello" to attract others' attention so that further help would be possible. Unaware of this culturally-specific distinction and their inappropriate use of "hello" in this specific context made passers-by think that they were possibly street girls who were trying to attract customers.

As above cases show, an expression is likely to take on different social significance, good or bad, friendly or hostile, depending on a very important sociolinguistic rule of communication: Who speaks what, to whom, when, where, and for what purpose. Similarly, correct interpretation and smooth communication rely on a set of relevant factors. The implication the speaker wants to convey is one. The social relationships between interlocutors become another. And a specific setting where communication takes place is a third. If these pre-conditional requirements are not met, a blind adoption of some fancy expressions from other cultures, as the chow's case and Chinese girls'story reveal, will produce unnecessary compliant, unpleasantness, and misunderstanding in a new cultural context. (4) Honesty and sincerity are key points to mutual understanding West and East, where can the twain meet? This is a question asked by many people for a long time. The above cases, however, uncover a sheer fact: There will be a long way to go before we can find a satisfactory answer to the question. Being a student of linguistics, you may ask "Where is the way out?" Here are some useful tips: Rich communicative knowledge, high cultural consciousness, and good linguistic performance are necessary prerequisites for becoming an active and successful cross-cultural communicator. Meanwhile, attitude or gesture also matters a lot. Most importantly, we believe that honesty and sincerity are the bridge that will help you transcend cultural barriers and become a good communicator in cross-cultural communication.

Based on the principle "Literal inquiry about ability, R-implicates direct request for action", analyze the implicature in the sentence: Can you pass the salt?

Analyze the Q-implicature cancellability in the following examples: a. He didn't eat three carrots. → b. He ate less than three carrots. c. He didn't eat THREE carrots. → d. He ate FOUR of them.

Analyze why the R-implicature in the following example cannot be cancelled by negation: c. I broke a finger yesterday. → d. I broke a finger of mine yesterday; negation cannot cancel this R-implicature.

Analyze the following cases regarding whether the R-implicature can be cancelled: drink ("alcoholic drink") formerly R-implicature has conventionalized into lexical meaning and thus becomes cancellable; secretary ("female secretary") remains pure R-implicature and resists metalinguistic negation cancellation.

Analyze the implicatures in the following causative examples: a. Black Bart killed the sheriff. b. Black Bart caused the sheriff to die.

Analyze the implicatures in the following examples: a. Lee stopped the car. b. Lee got the car to stop.

Analyze the scalar implicature in the following examples: a. Some of the boys came. b. Not all the boys came.

Analyze the clausal implicature in the contrast between <(since p,q),(if p,q)>: since-clause is stronger informative alternate, if-clause triggers clausal implicature of uncertainty.

Analyze the implicatures in the following examples: a. It's possible that the plane will be late. b. It's not impossible that the plane will be late.

Analyze the implicatures in the following examples: a. Bill stopped the car. b. Bill caused the car to stop.

Analyze the implicature in the sentence: John came in and the man laughed.

Analyze why the literal Q-implicature fails in the following context: a. What impression did I make during dinner? b. Some thought you drank too much.

Analyze the cultural variation of quantity scalar implicature in the <love, like> set: Western pragmatics: like implicates not love; reserved Chinese cultural convention permits like to stand for implicit love, breaking standard scalar logic.

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