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This week is the big World Robot Conference in Beijing, with many newspapers and websites writing about robots and the sector’s market potential. However for years robots have already been ‘big business’. The global industrial robotics business was worth $10.7 billion in 2014, according to the International Federation of Robotics (IFR). China was the largest market, shipping over 57,000 industrial robots, with Japan in second, followed by the United States. According to IFR forecasts the sales figures in China are expected to continue to rise dramatically, totaling 150,000 units by 2018. During the past decades, China was known for its seemingly limitless supply of low-wage workers. China’s emergence as an automation hub contradicts many assumptions about robots and the global economy. However, earlier this year China published its national plan ‘Made in China 2025’. This plan aims to modernize China’s industry, and pays special attention to its manufacturing processes, including shifting labor-intensive work to robots. It is said that by the end of 2015 or early 2016 China will release a five-year development plan (as an annex to ‘Made in China 2025’) for its indigenous robot industry, ambitiously aiming to more than double the market share of made-in-China robots to 50 percent by 2020. In 2014, Chinese factories accounted for about a quarter of the global ranks of industrial robots (>50 percent increase over 2013) and this boom is likely to continue. According to the IFR, it will have more installed manufacturing robots than any other country by 2017. Currently, the global market is dominated by industrial robots, having about an 80 percent market share. The use of robots currently accounts for 10 percent of the manufacturing process, but that figure is expected to rise to 20 percent by 2025. Many companies therefore still focus their investments on the development of industrial robotics. But it is clear that the market of service robots will surpass that of industrial robotics in the future. We already see that the application of robots is extending from manufacturing industry into the service sector, including medicine and healthcare, not just domestic applications. It is interesting to see at the conference that Chinese researchers have already mastered technology for the whole industrial chain of service robotics. They have developed various service robots, including those capable of cleaning, cooking, and helping the elderly and handicapped. But China still has a long way to go, according to the general manager of a technology firm in Fujian province: “Key parts of industrial robots, such as sensors and motors, are still imported, and not many robot makers are ready for mass production.” There are more than 1,000 robot-related firms across China, but quality — not quantity — is the robot sector’s biggest challenge. More and more Chinese factories are starting to introduce robots in a bid to replace human labor. There are two (linked) reasons why they are looking into new strategies and automation: Labor shortage caused by more people rejecting factory jobs. Rising wages. Chinese factory workers nowadays earn two to six times more than their peers in Thailand or Cambodia. Although the IFR expects China to have more installed manufacturing robots than any other country in 2017, it has to be mentioned that China’s robot-to-worker ratio is still rather low, about 36 robots per 10,000 factory workers. South Korea employs the most robots, with 478 per 10,000 workers, followed by Japan with 315 and Germany with 292 robots per 10,000 workers. Let’s see what the future will bring or how we can shape it. Whether a dystopian future where the ‘droids are taking our jobs’ will happen, or if we can master robots and end up in a more pleasant future. So far in China there seems little evidence that robots are having a big impact on employment. Average urban wages in China rose more than 10% in 2014, and the country remains on target to create at least 10 million new jobs this year. But given the mentioned low robot-to-worker ratio and without assessing the possibilities of introducing artificial intelligence (AI) into white collar jobs, it’s too early to make any conclusions based on these figures. To finish, let’s look again at the question of whether China will be a leader in robotics. Certainly it can be said that it is already leading if you look at the market share of industrial robots. As Chinese companies keep pushing the boundaries of innovation, there are high hopes that they will cease sourcing technology and key parts from foreign manufacturers and that China will be an all-round leader in robotics.

阅读信息匹配题（15段，请选出文章下方第一题O对应的段落序号） China Has a Word for Its Crass New Rich By Robert Frank 1 How do you say “nouveau riche” in China? Tuhao. 2 As in, “The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills” are tuhao. Covering the inside of your Rolls-Royce with jade is tuhao. Or, the most popular use, the new gold iPhone 5s is now known in China as the “tuhao gold iPhone.” 3 Tuhao roughly translates as “crass rich,” since “tu” means uncultured and “hao” means bold or bullying. (Though some sites say that “hao” translates better as “wealth” or “splendor.” ) It joins “nouveau riche,” “parvenu” and “bling” and other terms for the newly rich who have more money than taste. 4 And while it’s quickly gone viral in China, where flashy new wealth is sparking growing resentment, it’s also gaining global traction as the luxury-hungry Chinese rich are venturing around the world. 5 The number of tuhao websites, blogs, comic books, TV shows and ad slogans is exploding. And tuhao’s legitimacy could soon become official, with the keepers of the Oxford English Dictionary saying they may include tuhao in its next edition. 6 “A lot of media has given attention to the word ‘tuhao’ which also triggered our interest,” said the management authorities at Oxford University Press, the publisher of the dictionary. “If the influence of ‘tuhao’ keeps rising, we will consider including it in our dictionaries of the 2014 edition.” 7 The Oxford folks say the word “tuhao” dates back more than 100 years, when it referred to wealthy landholders who would bully peasants or underlings. Oxford said the new usage has taken off in the past two months with growing media attention. 8 In China, where the new rich are buying everything from gold-plated BMWs to $$1 million dogs and $$5,000 bottles of wine, the term is the word of the moment. 9 Tuhao was listed as one of the top “hot words” recently in China Daily. As the newspaper explained: “People find tuhao to be aptly worded, because nouveaux riches have garish tastes and lack good cultural traits and sophistication. 10 Although ‘tuhao’ is a derisive term, it is being widely used by netizens to poke fun at the rich who are like luxurious products with little use or content.” 11 Tuhaos have become the chief target of ridicule on the China blogosphere. As a China media blog put it, they are China’s version of the “Beverly Hillbillies.’ ” 12 The new gold iPhone 5s, which has become a huge seller in China, is now called “Tuhao Gold.”

The popular saying from the joke reflects people’s mixed feelings towards tuhaos.

The Zen master’s real words surprise the rich young man.

This word stands for people who are rich but lack good taste, and it has several similar expressions in English.

There are many typical examples to show what kind of people or things can be called tuhao.

Oxford University Press officials explain that media coverage makes them consider adding tuhao to the 2014 dictionary.

Various online and offline works related to tuhao are springing up, and the word may be added to the Oxford English Dictionary.

Chinese newly wealthy people’s crazy consumption of luxury goods has made tuhao popular both at home and abroad.

Internet users use the mocking word tuhao to laugh at wealthy people who are like fancy but empty goods.

Chinese newly wealthy people’s crazy consumption of luxury goods has made tuhao popular both at home and abroad.

Internet users use the mocking word tuhao to laugh at wealthy people who are like fancy but empty goods.

The gold-colored iPhone 5s sells well in China and gets the nickname “Tuhao Gold”.

China Daily regards tuhao as a popular buzzword, for it vividly describes rich people with flashy tastes and poor self-cultivation.

The word tuhao has a history of over a century, and its new meaning has become popular recently due to media reports.

Online bloggers often make fun of tuhaos, comparing them to a famous American group.

Nowadays, tuhao is a very fashionable word in China, as the newly rich spend big on all kinds of expensive items.

A widely-spread online joke about tuhao tells a conversation between a rich young man and a Zen master.

The Chinese equivalent for the expression “nouveau riche” is tuhao.

Some farm work still has to be done by hand for various reasons.

Smart machines powered by BeiDou have largely replaced manpower in some fields.

Young farmers are more willing and able to use modern agricultural technology.

The cooperative’s high-quality rice is popular among regular customers.

Machine operation reduces errors that humans often make during farming.

A larger area of unmanned farming will further improve rice quality.

A larger area of unmanned farming will further improve rice quality.