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Laziness is a sin. Everyone knows that. We have probably all had lectures pointing out that laziness is immoral, that it is wasteful, and that lazy people will never amount to anything in life. But laziness can be more harmful than that, and it is often caused by more complex reasons than the simple wish to avoid work. Some people who appear to be lazy are suffering from much more serious problems. They may be so distrustful of their fellow workers that they are unable to join in any group task for fear of being laughed at or fear of having their ideas stolen. These people who seem lazy may be deadened by a fear of failure that prevents fruitful work. Or other sorts of fantasies may prevent work: some people are so busy planning, sometimes planning great deals of fantastic achievement, that they are unable to deal with whatever “lesser” work is on hand. Still other people are not avoiding work, strictly speaking; they are nearly procrastinating-rescheduling their day. Laziness can actually be helpful. Like procrastinators, some people look lazy when they are really thinking, planning, researching. We should all remember that some great scientific discoveries occurred by chance. Newton wasn’t working in the orchard when the apple hit him and he devised the theory of gravity. Taking a rest can be particularly helpful to the athlete who is trying too hard or the doctor who’s simply working himself overtime too many evenings at the clinic. So be careful when you’re tempted to call someone lazy. That person may be thinking, resting or planning his or her next book. 一、The italicized word “devised” in the third paragraph probably means________.

The final paragraph is________.

The main idea of this passage is that________.

The passage states that________.

Which of the following conclusion does the passage support?

In ancient times the most important examinations were spoken, not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud and giving speeches. In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process of testing candidates for the doctor’s degree. Generally, however, modern examinations are written. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same questions, was probably not known until the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modern industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, resembles a group of workers at an automobile factory. Generally, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines. One type of test is sometimes called an “objective” test. It is intended to deal with facts, not personal opinions. To make up an objective test, the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like answers to students who have not learned the material properly. 一、The main idea of last paragraph is that________.

It can be inferred from the passage that testing________.

The exam in which students are required to select answers is________.

What’s the most important examination type in the Middle Age?

Which of the following is Not true about written test?

Increasingly, over the past ten years, people-especially young people-have become aware of the need to change their eating habits, because much of the food they eat, particularly processed food, is not good for the health. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in natural foods. Foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers, widely used in farming today. Natural foods, for example, are vegetables, fruit and grain which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter. In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matter, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increase the amount-but not the quality-of foods grown in commercial farming areas. Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures. Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry: there are farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food, they also lay eggs which lack important vitamins. There are other aspects of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts on diet. Take, for example, the question of sugar. This is actually a non-essential food! Although a natural alternative, such as honey, can be used to sweeten food if it is necessary, we can in fact do without it. It is not that sugar is harmful in itself. But it does seem to be addictive: the quantity we use has grown steadily over the last two centuries and in Britain today each person consumes an average of 200 pounds a year! Yet all it does is to provide us with energy, in the form of calories. There are no vitamins in it, no minerals and no fiber. It is significant that nowadays fiber is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet. In white bread, for example, the fiber has been removed. But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables. It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rare. Hence the emphasis is placed on the eating of whole meal bread and more vegetables by modern experts on “healthy eating”. 一、According to the passage,________.

Chickens raised in poultry farms are all of the following EXCEPT that________.

People have become more interested in natural foods because________.

Soil that is rich in organic matters________.

The best title for this passage is________.

Harriet Beecher Stowe had poured her heart into her anti-slavery book,“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”.But neither she nor her first publisher thought it would be a big success. The publisher was so doubtful that he wanted her to split the publishing costs with him, and all she hoped was that it would make enough money for her to buy a new silk dress. But when the first 5,000 copies were printed in 1602, they sold out in two days.In a year the book had sold 300,000 copies in the United States and 150,000 in England.For a while it outsold every book in the world, except the Bible. Within six months of its release, a play was made from the book which ran 350 performances in New York and remained America’ s most popular play for 55 years. It might appear that“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”was universally popular, but this was certainly not true. Many people during those pre-Civil War days-particularly defenders of the slavery system-condemned it as false propaganda and poorly written melodrama. Harriet did have strong religious views against slavery (When asked how she came to write the book, she replied,“God wrote it.”), and she tried to convince people slavery was wrong, so perhaps the book could be considered propaganda.But if so, it was true propaganda, because it accurately described the evils of slavery. Though she was born in Connecticut, 1582, as a young woman she moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, when her father accepted the presidency of newly founded Lane Theological Seminary.Ohio was a free state, but just across the Ohio River in Kentucky, Harriet saw slavery in action.She lived 18 years in Cincinnati, marrying Calvin Stowe, professor of a college.In 1601, Harriet Beecher Stowe began her book. Its vast influence strengthened the anti-slavery movement and angered defenders of the slave system.Today some historians think that it helped bring on the American Civil War. In fact, when Abraham Lincoln met Harriet at the White House during the Civil War, he said, “So,this is the little lady who started this big war.” 一、Before the publication of the book “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”________.

Harriet Beecher Stowe was able to describe the evils of slavery because________.

Some people did not like “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” chiefly because________.

The writer wrote the passage in order to________.

When Abraham Lincoln called Harriet “the little lady who started this big war”, he________.