b176ea8543fb8706677f14f27e1c04ef_在线真题试卷与模拟练习

Trust is fundamental to life. If you can’t trust anything, life becomes intolerable. You can’t have relationships without trust, let alone good ones. In the workplace, too, trust is essential. An organization (21) ____trust will be full of fear and (22)____. If you work for a boss who doesn’t trust their employees to do things right, you’ll have a (23)____time. They’ll be checking up on you all the time, correcting “mistakes” and constantly (24)____you to do this or that. Colleagues who don’t trust one another will need to spend more time (25)____their backs than doing any useful work. Organizations are always trying to cut costs. Think of all the additional tasks caused by lack of trust. Audit (审计) departments only exist because of it. Companies keep large volumes of (26)____because they don’t trust their suppliers, their contractors or their customers. Probably more than half of all administrative work is only there because of an ever - existing sense that “you can’t trust anyone these days.” If even a small part of such valueless work could be (27)_, the savings would run into millions of dollars. All this is extra work we (28)____onto ourselves because we don’t trust people — the checking, following through, doing things ourselves because we don’t believe others will do them (29)____— or at all. If we took all that away, how much extra time would we suddenly find in our life? How much of our work (30)____would disappear? (21)____

Trust is fundamental to life. If you can’t trust anything, life becomes intolerable. You can’t have relationships without trust, let alone good ones. In the workplace, too, trust is essential. An organization (21) ____trust will be full of fear and (22)____. If you work for a boss who doesn’t trust their employees to do things right, you’ll have a (23)____time. They’ll be checking up on you all the time, correcting “mistakes” and constantly (24)____you to do this or that. Colleagues who don’t trust one another will need to spend more time (25)____their backs than doing any useful work. Organizations are always trying to cut costs. Think of all the additional tasks caused by lack of trust. Audit (审计) departments only exist because of it. Companies keep large volumes of (26)____because they don’t trust their suppliers, their contractors or their customers. Probably more than half of all administrative work is only there because of an ever - existing sense that “you can’t trust anyone these days.” If even a small part of such valueless work could be (27)_, the savings would run into millions of dollars. All this is extra work we (28)____onto ourselves because we don’t trust people — the checking, following through, doing things ourselves because we don’t believe others will do them (29)____— or at all. If we took all that away, how much extra time would we suddenly find in our life? How much of our work (30)____would disappear? (22)____

Trust is fundamental to life. If you can’t trust anything, life becomes intolerable. You can’t have relationships without trust, let alone good ones. In the workplace, too, trust is essential. An organization (21) ____trust will be full of fear and (22)____. If you work for a boss who doesn’t trust their employees to do things right, you’ll have a (23)____time. They’ll be checking up on you all the time, correcting “mistakes” and constantly (24)____you to do this or that. Colleagues who don’t trust one another will need to spend more time (25)____their backs than doing any useful work. Organizations are always trying to cut costs. Think of all the additional tasks caused by lack of trust. Audit (审计) departments only exist because of it. Companies keep large volumes of (26)____because they don’t trust their suppliers, their contractors or their customers. Probably more than half of all administrative work is only there because of an ever - existing sense that “you can’t trust anyone these days.” If even a small part of such valueless work could be (27)_, the savings would run into millions of dollars. All this is extra work we (28)____onto ourselves because we don’t trust people — the checking, following through, doing things ourselves because we don’t believe others will do them (29)____— or at all. If we took all that away, how much extra time would we suddenly find in our life? How much of our work (30)____would disappear? (23)____

Trust is fundamental to life. If you can’t trust anything, life becomes intolerable. You can’t have relationships without trust, let alone good ones. In the workplace, too, trust is essential. An organization (21) ____trust will be full of fear and (22)____. If you work for a boss who doesn’t trust their employees to do things right, you’ll have a (23)____time. They’ll be checking up on you all the time, correcting “mistakes” and constantly (24)____you to do this or that. Colleagues who don’t trust one another will need to spend more time (25)____their backs than doing any useful work. Organizations are always trying to cut costs. Think of all the additional tasks caused by lack of trust. Audit (审计) departments only exist because of it. Companies keep large volumes of (26)____because they don’t trust their suppliers, their contractors or their customers. Probably more than half of all administrative work is only there because of an ever - existing sense that “you can’t trust anyone these days.” If even a small part of such valueless work could be (27)_, the savings would run into millions of dollars. All this is extra work we (28)____onto ourselves because we don’t trust people — the checking, following through, doing things ourselves because we don’t believe others will do them (29)____— or at all. If we took all that away, how much extra time would we suddenly find in our life? How much of our work (30)____would disappear? (24)____

Trust is fundamental to life. If you can’t trust anything, life becomes intolerable. You can’t have relationships without trust, let alone good ones. In the workplace, too, trust is essential. An organization (21) ____trust will be full of fear and (22)____. If you work for a boss who doesn’t trust their employees to do things right, you’ll have a (23)____time. They’ll be checking up on you all the time, correcting “mistakes” and constantly (24)____you to do this or that. Colleagues who don’t trust one another will need to spend more time (25)____their backs than doing any useful work. Organizations are always trying to cut costs. Think of all the additional tasks caused by lack of trust. Audit (审计) departments only exist because of it. Companies keep large volumes of (26)____because they don’t trust their suppliers, their contractors or their customers. Probably more than half of all administrative work is only there because of an ever - existing sense that “you can’t trust anyone these days.” If even a small part of such valueless work could be (27)_, the savings would run into millions of dollars. All this is extra work we (28)____onto ourselves because we don’t trust people — the checking, following through, doing things ourselves because we don’t believe others will do them (29)____— or at all. If we took all that away, how much extra time would we suddenly find in our life? How much of our work (30)____would disappear? (25)____

Trust is fundamental to life. If you can’t trust anything, life becomes intolerable. You can’t have relationships without trust, let alone good ones. In the workplace, too, trust is essential. An organization (21) ____trust will be full of fear and (22)____. If you work for a boss who doesn’t trust their employees to do things right, you’ll have a (23)____time. They’ll be checking up on you all the time, correcting “mistakes” and constantly (24)____you to do this or that. Colleagues who don’t trust one another will need to spend more time (25)____their backs than doing any useful work. Organizations are always trying to cut costs. Think of all the additional tasks caused by lack of trust. Audit (审计) departments only exist because of it. Companies keep large volumes of (26)____because they don’t trust their suppliers, their contractors or their customers. Probably more than half of all administrative work is only there because of an ever - existing sense that “you can’t trust anyone these days.” If even a small part of such valueless work could be (27)_, the savings would run into millions of dollars. All this is extra work we (28)____onto ourselves because we don’t trust people — the checking, following through, doing things ourselves because we don’t believe others will do them (29)____— or at all. If we took all that away, how much extra time would we suddenly find in our life? How much of our work (30)____would disappear? (26)____

Trust is fundamental to life. If you can’t trust anything, life becomes intolerable. You can’t have relationships without trust, let alone good ones. In the workplace, too, trust is essential. An organization (21) ____trust will be full of fear and (22)____. If you work for a boss who doesn’t trust their employees to do things right, you’ll have a (23)____time. They’ll be checking up on you all the time, correcting “mistakes” and constantly (24)____you to do this or that. Colleagues who don’t trust one another will need to spend more time (25)____their backs than doing any useful work. Organizations are always trying to cut costs. Think of all the additional tasks caused by lack of trust. Audit (审计) departments only exist because of it. Companies keep large volumes of (26)____because they don’t trust their suppliers, their contractors or their customers. Probably more than half of all administrative work is only there because of an ever - existing sense that “you can’t trust anyone these days.” If even a small part of such valueless work could be (27)_, the savings would run into millions of dollars. All this is extra work we (28)____onto ourselves because we don’t trust people — the checking, following through, doing things ourselves because we don’t believe others will do them (29)____— or at all. If we took all that away, how much extra time would we suddenly find in our life? How much of our work (30)____would disappear? (27)____

Trust is fundamental to life. If you can’t trust anything, life becomes intolerable. You can’t have relationships without trust, let alone good ones. In the workplace, too, trust is essential. An organization (21) ____trust will be full of fear and (22)____. If you work for a boss who doesn’t trust their employees to do things right, you’ll have a (23)____time. They’ll be checking up on you all the time, correcting “mistakes” and constantly (24)____you to do this or that. Colleagues who don’t trust one another will need to spend more time (25)____their backs than doing any useful work. Organizations are always trying to cut costs. Think of all the additional tasks caused by lack of trust. Audit (审计) departments only exist because of it. Companies keep large volumes of (26)____because they don’t trust their suppliers, their contractors or their customers. Probably more than half of all administrative work is only there because of an ever - existing sense that “you can’t trust anyone these days.” If even a small part of such valueless work could be (27)_, the savings would run into millions of dollars. All this is extra work we (28)____onto ourselves because we don’t trust people — the checking, following through, doing things ourselves because we don’t believe others will do them (29)____— or at all. If we took all that away, how much extra time would we suddenly find in our life? How much of our work (30)____would disappear? (28)____

Trust is fundamental to life. If you can’t trust anything, life becomes intolerable. You can’t have relationships without trust, let alone good ones. In the workplace, too, trust is essential. An organization (21) ____trust will be full of fear and (22)____. If you work for a boss who doesn’t trust their employees to do things right, you’ll have a (23)____time. They’ll be checking up on you all the time, correcting “mistakes” and constantly (24)____you to do this or that. Colleagues who don’t trust one another will need to spend more time (25)____their backs than doing any useful work. Organizations are always trying to cut costs. Think of all the additional tasks caused by lack of trust. Audit (审计) departments only exist because of it. Companies keep large volumes of (26)____because they don’t trust their suppliers, their contractors or their customers. Probably more than half of all administrative work is only there because of an ever - existing sense that “you can’t trust anyone these days.” If even a small part of such valueless work could be (27)_, the savings would run into millions of dollars. All this is extra work we (28)____onto ourselves because we don’t trust people — the checking, following through, doing things ourselves because we don’t believe others will do them (29)____— or at all. If we took all that away, how much extra time would we suddenly find in our life? How much of our work (30)____would disappear? (29)____

Trust is fundamental to life. If you can’t trust anything, life becomes intolerable. You can’t have relationships without trust, let alone good ones. In the workplace, too, trust is essential. An organization (21) ____trust will be full of fear and (22)____. If you work for a boss who doesn’t trust their employees to do things right, you’ll have a (23)____time. They’ll be checking up on you all the time, correcting “mistakes” and constantly (24)____you to do this or that. Colleagues who don’t trust one another will need to spend more time (25)____their backs than doing any useful work. Organizations are always trying to cut costs. Think of all the additional tasks caused by lack of trust. Audit (审计) departments only exist because of it. Companies keep large volumes of (26)____because they don’t trust their suppliers, their contractors or their customers. Probably more than half of all administrative work is only there because of an ever - existing sense that “you can’t trust anyone these days.” If even a small part of such valueless work could be (27)_, the savings would run into millions of dollars. All this is extra work we (28)____onto ourselves because we don’t trust people — the checking, following through, doing things ourselves because we don’t believe others will do them (29)____— or at all. If we took all that away, how much extra time would we suddenly find in our life? How much of our work (30)____would disappear? (30)____

Online classes began to be popularized just a few decades ago. They are advertised as a way for adults to finish their education and students to learn the material at their own pace — it is far more compatible for people with busy schedules. But after being enrolled in an online course last full semester, I came to realize online classes were merely a means to fulfil course requirements. First of all, students lack the desire to learn, and they simply complete their assignments to receive credit for a passing grade rather than genuinely engage with the course material. As online courses tend to have more than 100 students, most of the assignments are short and simple. They are not designed for students to interact with the material in depth but designed to be graded easily to accommodate such a large number of students. Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of taking an online class is the absence of face - to - face interaction between the teacher and their students. Live sessions are infrequent and are often scheduled during the middle of the day when students have to attend other classes or work. The office hours of the professor may also be during inconvenient times for many students as well. Most interaction with the professor has to be through email which is often impersonal. It is nearly impossible for students to build a relationship with their professor. There is also little interaction amongst students. It can be harder for students to create study groups and form relationships with their peers. Online classes also require either a computer or laptop and a reliable internet connection. Not all students have access to these types of resources, whether it is for financial or other reasons, and some students can be put at a disadvantage. Offering online classes certainly helps students who would otherwise not be able to attend classroom sessions. However, they fail to provide a genuine education with an emphasis on convenience rather than critical thinking. We need restructured online classes in which students can have a learning experience that will actually provide quality education. In advertisements, online classes are often described as a good way to______.

Online classes began to be popularized just a few decades ago. They are advertised as a way for adults to finish their education and students to learn the material at their own pace — it is far more compatible for people with busy schedules. But after being enrolled in an online course last full semester, I came to realize online classes were merely a means to fulfil course requirements. First of all, students lack the desire to learn, and they simply complete their assignments to receive credit for a passing grade rather than genuinely engage with the course material. As online courses tend to have more than 100 students, most of the assignments are short and simple. They are not designed for students to interact with the material in depth but designed to be graded easily to accommodate such a large number of students. Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of taking an online class is the absence of face - to - face interaction between the teacher and their students. Live sessions are infrequent and are often scheduled during the middle of the day when students have to attend other classes or work. The office hours of the professor may also be during inconvenient times for many students as well. Most interaction with the professor has to be through email which is often impersonal. It is nearly impossible for students to build a relationship with their professor. There is also little interaction amongst students. It can be harder for students to create study groups and form relationships with their peers. Online classes also require either a computer or laptop and a reliable internet connection. Not all students have access to these types of resources, whether it is for financial or other reasons, and some students can be put at a disadvantage. Offering online classes certainly helps students who would otherwise not be able to attend classroom sessions. However, they fail to provide a genuine education with an emphasis on convenience rather than critical thinking. We need restructured online classes in which students can have a learning experience that will actually provide quality education. What does the author think of the assignments of online courses?

Online classes began to be popularized just a few decades ago. They are advertised as a way for adults to finish their education and students to learn the material at their own pace — it is far more compatible for people with busy schedules. But after being enrolled in an online course last full semester, I came to realize online classes were merely a means to fulfil course requirements. First of all, students lack the desire to learn, and they simply complete their assignments to receive credit for a passing grade rather than genuinely engage with the course material. As online courses tend to have more than 100 students, most of the assignments are short and simple. They are not designed for students to interact with the material in depth but designed to be graded easily to accommodate such a large number of students. Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of taking an online class is the absence of face - to - face interaction between the teacher and their students. Live sessions are infrequent and are often scheduled during the middle of the day when students have to attend other classes or work. The office hours of the professor may also be during inconvenient times for many students as well. Most interaction with the professor has to be through email which is often impersonal. It is nearly impossible for students to build a relationship with their professor. There is also little interaction amongst students. It can be harder for students to create study groups and form relationships with their peers. Online classes also require either a computer or laptop and a reliable internet connection. Not all students have access to these types of resources, whether it is for financial or other reasons, and some students can be put at a disadvantage. Offering online classes certainly helps students who would otherwise not be able to attend classroom sessions. However, they fail to provide a genuine education with an emphasis on convenience rather than critical thinking. We need restructured online classes in which students can have a learning experience that will actually provide quality education. According to the author, what is the most usual channel for students to interact with teachers?

Online classes began to be popularized just a few decades ago. They are advertised as a way for adults to finish their education and students to learn the material at their own pace — it is far more compatible for people with busy schedules. But after being enrolled in an online course last full semester, I came to realize online classes were merely a means to fulfil course requirements. First of all, students lack the desire to learn, and they simply complete their assignments to receive credit for a passing grade rather than genuinely engage with the course material. As online courses tend to have more than 100 students, most of the assignments are short and simple. They are not designed for students to interact with the material in depth but designed to be graded easily to accommodate such a large number of students. Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of taking an online class is the absence of face - to - face interaction between the teacher and their students. Live sessions are infrequent and are often scheduled during the middle of the day when students have to attend other classes or work. The office hours of the professor may also be during inconvenient times for many students as well. Most interaction with the professor has to be through email which is often impersonal. It is nearly impossible for students to build a relationship with their professor. There is also little interaction amongst students. It can be harder for students to create study groups and form relationships with their peers. Online classes also require either a computer or laptop and a reliable internet connection. Not all students have access to these types of resources, whether it is for financial or other reasons, and some students can be put at a disadvantage. Offering online classes certainly helps students who would otherwise not be able to attend classroom sessions. However, they fail to provide a genuine education with an emphasis on convenience rather than critical thinking. We need restructured online classes in which students can have a learning experience that will actually provide quality education. What does the author think a genuine education should provide students?

Online classes began to be popularized just a few decades ago. They are advertised as a way for adults to finish their education and students to learn the material at their own pace — it is far more compatible for people with busy schedules. But after being enrolled in an online course last full semester, I came to realize online classes were merely a means to fulfil course requirements. First of all, students lack the desire to learn, and they simply complete their assignments to receive credit for a passing grade rather than genuinely engage with the course material. As online courses tend to have more than 100 students, most of the assignments are short and simple. They are not designed for students to interact with the material in depth but designed to be graded easily to accommodate such a large number of students. Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of taking an online class is the absence of face - to - face interaction between the teacher and their students. Live sessions are infrequent and are often scheduled during the middle of the day when students have to attend other classes or work. The office hours of the professor may also be during inconvenient times for many students as well. Most interaction with the professor has to be through email which is often impersonal. It is nearly impossible for students to build a relationship with their professor. There is also little interaction amongst students. It can be harder for students to create study groups and form relationships with their peers. Online classes also require either a computer or laptop and a reliable internet connection. Not all students have access to these types of resources, whether it is for financial or other reasons, and some students can be put at a disadvantage. Offering online classes certainly helps students who would otherwise not be able to attend classroom sessions. However, they fail to provide a genuine education with an emphasis on convenience rather than critical thinking. We need restructured online classes in which students can have a learning experience that will actually provide quality education. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards online classes?

Forget smart uniforms and small classes. The secret to good grades and brilliant students is teachers. One American study found that in a single year’s teaching the top 10% of teachers impart (传授) three times as much learning to their pupils as the worst 10% do. Another suggests that, if black pupils were taught by the best quarter of teachers, the gap between their achievement and that of white pupils would disappear. But efforts to ensure that every teacher can teach are hobbled by the myth that good teachers are born, not made. Classroom heroes like Robin Williams in “Dead Poets Society” are endowed (赋予) with exceptional inspirational powers. Government policies, which often start from the same assumption, seek to raise teaching standards by attracting excellent graduates to join the profession and forcing bad teachers to leave. The idea that teaching ability is something you either have or don’t is mistaken. We can make ordinary teachers great, just as sports coaches help athletes of all abilities to improve their personal best. Done right, this will revolutionize schools and change lives. Around the world, few teachers are well enough trained. Teachers qualify following a long, specialized course. This will often involve airy discussions of theory. Some of these courses, including master’s degrees in education, have no effect on how well graduates’ pupils end up being taught. What teachers fail to learn in universities and teacher - training colleges they rarely pick up on the job. They become better teachers in their first few years as they get to grips with real pupils in real classrooms, but after that improvements gradually stop. This is largely because schools neglect their most important pupils: teachers themselves. If this is to change, teachers need to learn how to teach. Good teachers set clear goals, enforce high standards of behavior and manage their lesson time wisely. They use good techniques to ensure that all the brains are working all of the time, for example asking questions in the classroom with “cold calling” rather than relying on the same eager pupils to put up their hands. Instilling these techniques is easier said than done. With teaching, the route to mastery is intense, guided practice grounded in subject - matter knowledge and pedagogical (教育的) methods. Trainees should spend more time in the classroom. Which of the following can be inferred about the education in America?

Forget smart uniforms and small classes. The secret to good grades and brilliant students is teachers. One American study found that in a single year’s teaching the top 10% of teachers impart (传授) three times as much learning to their pupils as the worst 10% do. Another suggests that, if black pupils were taught by the best quarter of teachers, the gap between their achievement and that of white pupils would disappear. But efforts to ensure that every teacher can teach are hobbled by the myth that good teachers are born, not made. Classroom heroes like Robin Williams in “Dead Poets Society” are endowed (赋予) with exceptional inspirational powers. Government policies, which often start from the same assumption, seek to raise teaching standards by attracting excellent graduates to join the profession and forcing bad teachers to leave. The idea that teaching ability is something you either have or don’t is mistaken. We can make ordinary teachers great, just as sports coaches help athletes of all abilities to improve their personal best. Done right, this will revolutionize schools and change lives. Around the world, few teachers are well enough trained. Teachers qualify following a long, specialized course. This will often involve airy discussions of theory. Some of these courses, including master’s degrees in education, have no effect on how well graduates’ pupils end up being taught. What teachers fail to learn in universities and teacher - training colleges they rarely pick up on the job. They become better teachers in their first few years as they get to grips with real pupils in real classrooms, but after that improvements gradually stop. This is largely because schools neglect their most important pupils: teachers themselves. If this is to change, teachers need to learn how to teach. Good teachers set clear goals, enforce high standards of behavior and manage their lesson time wisely. They use good techniques to ensure that all the brains are working all of the time, for example asking questions in the classroom with “cold calling” rather than relying on the same eager pupils to put up their hands. Instilling these techniques is easier said than done. With teaching, the route to mastery is intense, guided practice grounded in subject - matter knowledge and pedagogical (教育的) methods. Trainees should spend more time in the classroom. Government policies concerning teachers suggest that they believe______.

Forget smart uniforms and small classes. The secret to good grades and brilliant students is teachers. One American study found that in a single year’s teaching the top 10% of teachers impart (传授) three times as much learning to their pupils as the worst 10% do. Another suggests that, if black pupils were taught by the best quarter of teachers, the gap between their achievement and that of white pupils would disappear. But efforts to ensure that every teacher can teach are hobbled by the myth that good teachers are born, not made. Classroom heroes like Robin Williams in “Dead Poets Society” are endowed (赋予) with exceptional inspirational powers. Government policies, which often start from the same assumption, seek to raise teaching standards by attracting excellent graduates to join the profession and forcing bad teachers to leave. The idea that teaching ability is something you either have or don’t is mistaken. We can make ordinary teachers great, just as sports coaches help athletes of all abilities to improve their personal best. Done right, this will revolutionize schools and change lives. Around the world, few teachers are well enough trained. Teachers qualify following a long, specialized course. This will often involve airy discussions of theory. Some of these courses, including master’s degrees in education, have no effect on how well graduates’ pupils end up being taught. What teachers fail to learn in universities and teacher - training colleges they rarely pick up on the job. They become better teachers in their first few years as they get to grips with real pupils in real classrooms, but after that improvements gradually stop. This is largely because schools neglect their most important pupils: teachers themselves. If this is to change, teachers need to learn how to teach. Good teachers set clear goals, enforce high standards of behavior and manage their lesson time wisely. They use good techniques to ensure that all the brains are working all of the time, for example asking questions in the classroom with “cold calling” rather than relying on the same eager pupils to put up their hands. Instilling these techniques is easier said than done. With teaching, the route to mastery is intense, guided practice grounded in subject - matter knowledge and pedagogical (教育的) methods. Trainees should spend more time in the classroom. According to the author, many teachers are not good because______.

Forget smart uniforms and small classes. The secret to good grades and brilliant students is teachers. One American study found that in a single year’s teaching the top 10% of teachers impart (传授) three times as much learning to their pupils as the worst 10% do. Another suggests that, if black pupils were taught by the best quarter of teachers, the gap between their achievement and that of white pupils would disappear. But efforts to ensure that every teacher can teach are hobbled by the myth that good teachers are born, not made. Classroom heroes like Robin Williams in “Dead Poets Society” are endowed (赋予) with exceptional inspirational powers. Government policies, which often start from the same assumption, seek to raise teaching standards by attracting excellent graduates to join the profession and forcing bad teachers to leave. The idea that teaching ability is something you either have or don’t is mistaken. We can make ordinary teachers great, just as sports coaches help athletes of all abilities to improve their personal best. Done right, this will revolutionize schools and change lives. Around the world, few teachers are well enough trained. Teachers qualify following a long, specialized course. This will often involve airy discussions of theory. Some of these courses, including master’s degrees in education, have no effect on how well graduates’ pupils end up being taught. What teachers fail to learn in universities and teacher - training colleges they rarely pick up on the job. They become better teachers in their first few years as they get to grips with real pupils in real classrooms, but after that improvements gradually stop. This is largely because schools neglect their most important pupils: teachers themselves. If this is to change, teachers need to learn how to teach. Good teachers set clear goals, enforce high standards of behavior and manage their lesson time wisely. They use good techniques to ensure that all the brains are working all of the time, for example asking questions in the classroom with “cold calling” rather than relying on the same eager pupils to put up their hands. Instilling these techniques is easier said than done. With teaching, the route to mastery is intense, guided practice grounded in subject - matter knowledge and pedagogical (教育的) methods. Trainees should spend more time in the classroom. According to the author, teachers cannot keep on improving their teaching unless they______.

Forget smart uniforms and small classes. The secret to good grades and brilliant students is teachers. One American study found that in a single year’s teaching the top 10% of teachers impart (传授) three times as much learning to their pupils as the worst 10% do. Another suggests that, if black pupils were taught by the best quarter of teachers, the gap between their achievement and that of white pupils would disappear. But efforts to ensure that every teacher can teach are hobbled by the myth that good teachers are born, not made. Classroom heroes like Robin Williams in “Dead Poets Society” are endowed (赋予) with exceptional inspirational powers. Government policies, which often start from the same assumption, seek to raise teaching standards by attracting excellent graduates to join the profession and forcing bad teachers to leave. The idea that teaching ability is something you either have or don’t is mistaken. We can make ordinary teachers great, just as sports coaches help athletes of all abilities to improve their personal best. Done right, this will revolutionize schools and change lives. Around the world, few teachers are well enough trained. Teachers qualify following a long, specialized course. This will often involve airy discussions of theory. Some of these courses, including master’s degrees in education, have no effect on how well graduates’ pupils end up being taught. What teachers fail to learn in universities and teacher - training colleges they rarely pick up on the job. They become better teachers in their first few years as they get to grips with real pupils in real classrooms, but after that improvements gradually stop. This is largely because schools neglect their most important pupils: teachers themselves. If this is to change, teachers need to learn how to teach. Good teachers set clear goals, enforce high standards of behavior and manage their lesson time wisely. They use good techniques to ensure that all the brains are working all of the time, for example asking questions in the classroom with “cold calling” rather than relying on the same eager pupils to put up their hands. Instilling these techniques is easier said than done. With teaching, the route to mastery is intense, guided practice grounded in subject - matter knowledge and pedagogical (教育的) methods. Trainees should spend more time in the classroom. The underlined word “hobbled” in Line 1, Para.2 probably means______.