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In the age of the internet, there's no such thing as a private debate. But is that bad for science? Some scientists have had concerns. When debates in any sector move beyond the halls of universities and government agencies, there's potential for information to be used incorrectly, leading to public confusion; yet, open debate can also promote communication between the scientific community and the public. Recent open debates on scientific research, health, and policy have aroused greater public attention and encouraged more diverse voices. If this trend spurs scientists to agree more quickly about the best solutions to our problems-and at the same time helps the public observe the process of scientific discourse more clearly-then this is good for everyone, including scientists. A recent debate published in The New York Times discussed the question of how quickly medicine should be developed and produced. Issues such as safety of the product and perception of the public were examined and considered. But some experts worried that such public speculation might lead people to believe that disagreement about the details meant a lack of adequate scientific consensus over the safety and efficiency of modern-day medicine. The anxiety seems misplaced. Gone are the days of going to a conference and debating scientific issues, and that's good because those gatherings were not diverse enough and excluded many important voices. These days, the public can access debates about science regardless of where they take place. For many scientists, public debate is a new frontier and it may feel like a place with few restraints or rules, but rather than avoiding such conversations, let the debates be transparent and vigorous, wherever they are held. If the public is to understand that science is an honorably self-correcting process, the idea that science is a fixed set of facts in a textbook need to be dismissed. With the validity of science coming under attack, there's a need for scientific debates to be perceived as open and true to life. Let everyone see the noisy, messy deliberations that advance science and lead to decisions that benefit us all.【缺少答案，请补充】

Social media can be a powerful communication tool for employees, helping them to collaborate, share ideas and solve problems. Research has shown that 82% of employees think social media can improve work relationships and 60% believe it can support decision-making processes. These beliefs contribute to a majority of workers connecting with colleagues on social media, even during work hours. Employers typically worry that social media is a productivity killer; more than half of U.S. employers reportedly block access to social media at work. In my research with 277 employees of a healthcare organization, I found these concerns to be misguided. Social media doesn't reduce productivity nearly as much as it kills employee retention. In the first part of the study, I surveyed the employees about why and how they used platforms like Facebook, Twitter, or LinkedIn. Respondents were then asked about their work behaviors, including whether they felt motivated in their jobs and showed initiative at work. I found employees who engage in online social interactions with co-workers through social media blogs tend to be more motivated and come up with innovative ideas. But when employees interact with individuals outside the organization, they are less motivated and show less initiative. In the second part of the study, I found 76% of employees using social media for work took an interest in other organizations they found on social media. When I examined how respondents expressed openness to new careers and employers, I found that they engaged in some key activities including researching new organizations and making new work connections. These findings present a dilemma for managers: employees using social media at work are more engaged and more productive, but they are also more likely to leave your company. Managers should implement solutions that neutralize the retention risk caused by social media. They can create social media groups in which employees will be more likely to collaborate and less likely to share withdrawal intentions or discussions about external job opportunities. Managers can also use social media to directly reduce turnover intentions, by recognizing employees' accomplishments and giving visibility to employees' success stories.【缺少答案，请补充】

Yes, it's Freshers' Week, and while everyone else is having the time of their life, you're homesick. There's not a soul you know, you've only made one "friend" and the two of you are clinging together as if you were drowning in heavy seas. It's so bad that you're seriously considering jumping on the next train back home. Sound familiar? Of course it does. Freshers' Week tends to be seen as a weeklong party in which you make lifelong friends, but for many people, it can be a bit of an ordeal. So here are some tips about a fresher's two biggest problems. One is about feeling homesick. Everyone does, but be aware that the feeling will pass as you get used to your new environment and meet people you really get on with. In the meantime, it helps to keep in close contact with your friends and family. But remember that the way you're going to get over feeling homesick is to get out there and meet people - so don't sit at your computer all day writing email after email to your friends back home. Along the same lines, at the weekend, try not to go home too often. Stay around at university and you'll meet other people like you, people who want to develop meaningful relationships. The other is about the difficulty of making friends. This is something few of us want to admit to, but the truth is that a lot of young people are shy and find it difficult to make friends in an unfamiliar environment with no one they know to support them. If you're feeling unconfident, the best way to get over it is to join lots of clubs. Once you decide on the ones that interest you and get involved with them, you'll find yourself having fun with people who share your interests - in other words, friends!【缺少答案，请补充】

How might we stabilize the composition of the atmosphere? That question looms large in the eyes of scientists and political leaders as the levels of carbon dioxide grow. Carbon dioxide and methane (甲烷) have long lives in the atmosphere and, once they are there, the earth may be destined to become warmer. If we find that the climate is becoming too warm, there is no easy or rapid way to remove the gases and return to an earlier climate pattern. We may be able to control fossil fuel use and rates of deforestation (砍伐森林), but there is no direct way to control the acceleration of decay (腐烂) except by stopping the warming. To stabilize the composition of the atmosphere immediately, we would have to cut present releases by about 4 billion tons of carbon annually. It is not now possible to accomplish this without reducing both deforestation and our consumption of fossil fuels. Most scientists believe that if immediate global action is not taken, the rapid increases of atmospheric carbon from decay will exceed the reductions made possible through control of fossil fuel use and management of forests. In 1990, the United Nations gathered many scientists from around the world to review these issues. This group, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, concluded that an immediate 60 percent reduction in fossil fuel use would be necessary. But by April 1992, no nation had accepted the goal, though several had recognized a need for reducing emissions by 20 percent. At the Earth Summit in June 1992, leaders from most industrialized nations agreed in principle to return to earlier levels of carbon dioxide emissions - though opposition from the United States prevented them from agreeing to specific targets for emissions, as many scientists had hoped. The leaders also agreed to assist developing nations in limiting their releases of greenhouse gases. Human beings are only one of millions of organisms sufficiently different from one another to be recognized as species. Until the 1980s, scientists estimated that there were between 3 million and 10 million species on the earth. Then, scientists began to examine populations of insects living in the high foliage of trees in tropical forest, and the experience caused them to increase their estimate to 30 million species. After scientists began to consider the populations of microorganisms in the tropics, the upper limit of their estimates rose to 100 million species. We shall probably never have an accurate count of the different kinds of organisms that share our planet. We do know, however, that these species - plants and animals together - keep the planet functioning as a habitat suitable for all. We also know that human activities are【缺少答案，请补充】

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions following the passage. College life can be overwhelming when you're trying to maintain good grades, work a part-time job and balance relationships. Most of us get distracted with push notifications, text messages and phone calls. According to research, the average student is distracted for at least 5 out of every 15 minutes they set aside for study, mostly as a result of texting and social media use. With so much going on, it can be very difficult to stay focused, but it's not impossible. Here are several tips to help enhance your productivity. Firstly, make a schedule or to-do list. Juggling multiple projects and deadlines at school can be stressful. When you're working on one assignment, it's easy to forget about another. You can keep track of all your deadlines and manage your time more efficiently by creating a proper schedule. Figure out when you're most productive and set time aside for homework and activities. Keeping a planner or digital calendar will help you keep track of your classes and assignments. Secondly, turn off alerts. Constant notifications and text messages are every college student's enemy. Put your phone on silent or in "Do Not Disturb" mode, and close unnecessary tabs on your computer. If you need the Internet, keep only one tab open. You can fight against online distractions by blocking or hiding time-wasting websites and apps. Thirdly, break down your work into smaller tasks. Defeat procrastination (拖延) by breaking a large project into small pieces. It's easier to motivate yourself to do something in smaller tasks rather than diving into a huge project. If you're having a difficult time studying or getting work done, break up your time effectively. Try giving yourself a 10-minute break for every 45-50 minutes of work you do. Studies show that taking breaks can help you retain information and increase productivity. Lastly, reward yourself. A little motivation can go a long way. Setting up a reward system is a good way to encourage yourself to do something. For example, if you finish an essay without any distractions, reward yourself with something enjoyable, like watching a video or taking a nap.【缺少答案，请补充】

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions following the passage. You hear the refrain all the time: the U.S. economy looks good statistically, but it doesn't feel good. Why doesn't ever-greater wealth promote ever-greater happiness? It is a question that dates at least to the appearance in 1958 of The Affluent (富裕的) Society by John Kenneth Galbraith, who died recently at 97. The Affluent Society is a modern classic because it helped define a new moment in the human condition. For most of history, "hunger, sickness, and cold" threatened nearly everyone, Galbraith wrote. "Poverty was found everywhere in that world. Obviously it is not of ours." After World War II, the dread of another Great Depression gave way to an economic boom. In the 1930s unemployment had averaged 18.2 percent; in the 1950s it was 4.5 percent. To Galbraith, materialism had gone mad and would breed discontent. Through advertising, companies conditioned consumers to buy things they didn't really want or need. Because so much spending was artificial, it would be unfulfilling. Meanwhile, government spending that would make everyone better off was being cut down because people instinctively - and wrongly - labeled government only as "a necessary evil." It's often said that only the rich are getting ahead; everyone else is standing still or falling behind. Well, there are many undeserving rich - overpaid chief executives, for instance. But over any meaningful period, most people's incomes are increasing. From 1995 to 2004, inflation-adjusted average family income rose 14.3 percent, to $43,200. People feel "squeezed" because their rising incomes often don't satisfy their rising wants - for bigger homes, more health care, more education, faster Internet connections. The other great frustration is that it has not eliminated insecurity. People regard job stability as part of their standard of living. As corporate layoffs increased, that part has eroded. More workers fear they've become "the disposable American," as Louis Uchitelle puts it in his book by the same name. Because so much previous suffering and social conflict stemmed from poverty, the arrival of widespread affluence suggested utopian (乌托邦式的) possibilities. Up to a point, affluence succeeds. There is much less physical misery than before. People are better off. Unfortunately, affluence also creates new complaints and contradictions. Advanced societies need economic growth to satisfy the multiplying wants of their citizens. But the quest for growth lets loose new anxieties and economic conflicts that disturb the social order. Affluence liberates the individual, promising that everyone can choose a unique way to self-fulfillment. But the promise is so extravagant that it predestines many disappointments and sometimes inspires choices that have anti-social consequences, including family breakdown and obesity (肥胖症). Statistical indicators of happiness have not risen with incomes. Should we be surprised? Not really. We've simply reaffirmed an old truth: the pursuit of affluence does not always end with happiness.【缺少答案，请补充】

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions following the passage. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. When we talk about organic food, we're referring to food produced following particular kinds of agricultural practices used in growing, processing, storing and selling it. Visually there may be little difference between organic and non-organic produce, and in many cases, the taste may also be similar. However, if you source organic fruits and vegetables locally, their superior freshness often results in a noticeable improvement in flavor. One of the main differences between organic and non-organic produce is that conventionally produced food may have higher levels of pesticides, antibiotics and / or hormones, depending on farming practices. Conventionally grown food is also often produced under less well-regulated growing conditions. Although views vary, a number of studies do show that fresh organic produce often carries fewer pesticide residues and supplies more micronutrients such as vitamin C, iron, magnesium (镁) and phosphorus (磷), as well as more protective anthocyanins (花青素). This is a hotly debated topic, and to date, the evidence is inconclusive, partly due to the fact that organic food production is a broad and complex industry with many variables. The major difference between organic and non-organic produce is the price, which becomes a stumbling block to buying organic for most families. In the U.K., the organic premium (溢价) is said to be as much as 89 per cent. Part of the reason for this is the higher cost of production, with farmers relying on more labor-intensive methods of weed and pest control. Organic farms also tend to be smaller with lower output and have the added cost associated with certification. Seasonality is also an important difference, as many conventionally produced foods are available all year round while organic produce may only be available seasonally. Although organic produce has numerous benefits, it's not necessarily healthier for you. It's worth remembering that food is not the only source of chemical exposure. How we garden, where we live, the cleaning products we use in our home, and whether we treat our pets for parasites are all factors that can increase our chemical burden. Marketers also work hard to make foods sound attractive, so those organic baked foods, desserts and snacks, although organic, may still be high in sugar, fat and calories.【缺少答案，请补充】

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions following the passage. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. The endless debate about "work-life balance " often contains a hopeful footnote about stay-at- home dads. If American society and business won5t make it easier on future female leaders who choose to have children, there is still the ray of hope that increasing numbers of full-time fathers will. But based on today's socioeconomic trends, this hope is, unfortunately, misguided. It's true that the number of men who have left work to do their thing as full-time parents has doubled in a decade, but it's still very small: only 0.8% of married couples where the stay-at-home father was out of the labor force for a year. Even that percentage is likely inflated by men thrust into their caretaker role by a downsizing. This is simply not a large enough group to reduce the social stigma(污名)and force other adjustments necessary to supporting men in this decision, even if only for a relatively short time. Even shorter times away from work for working fathers are already difficult. A study found that 85% of new fathers take some time off after the birth of a child—but for all but a few, it's a week or two at most. Meanwhile, the average for women who take leave is more than 10 weeks. Such choices impact who moves up in the organization. While you're away, someone else is doing your work, making your sales, taking care of your customers. That can't help you at work. It can only hurt you. Women, of course, face the same issues of returning after a long absence. But with many more women than men choosing to leave the workforce entirely to raise families, returning from an extended parental leave doesn't raise as many eyebrows as it does for men. Women would make more if they didn't break their earning trajectory (轨迹) by leaving the workforce, or if higher-paying professions were more family-friendly. In the foreseeable future, stay- at-home fathers may make all the difference for individual families, but their presence won't reduce the numbers of high-potential women who are forced to choose between family and career.【缺少答案，请补充】

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions following the passage. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. Lao Zi once said, “Care about what other people think and you will always be their prisoner.” People-pleasing, or seeking self-worth through others’ approval, is unproductive and an exhausting way to go through life. Why do we allow what others think of us to have so much power over how we feel about ourselves? If it's true that you can't please all people all of the time, wouldn't it make sense to stop trying? Unfortunately, sense often isn't driving our behavior. For social beings who desire love and belonging, wanting to be liked, and caring about the effect we have on others, is healthy and allows us to make connections. However, where we get into trouble is when our self-worth is dependent upon whether we win someone's approval or not. This need to be liked can be traced back to when we were children and were completely dependent on others to take care of us: Small children are not just learning how to walk and communicate, they are also trying to learn how the world works. We learn about who we are and what is expected of us based on interactions with others so, to a four-year-old, if Mommy or Daddy doesn't like him or her, there is the danger that they will abandon them. We need to understand that when we desperately want someone to approve of us, it's being driven by that little kid part of us that is still terrified of abandonment. As you become more capable of providing yourself with the approval you seek, your need for external validation will start to vanish, leaving you stronger, more confident, and yes, happier in your life. Imagine how much time we lose each moment we restrain our authentic selves in an effort to be liked. If we base our worth on the opinions of others, we cheat ourselves of the power to shape our experiences and embrace life not only for others but also for ourselves, because ultimately, there is no difference. So embrace the cliché(老话)and love yourself as it's highly doubtful that you'll regret it.【缺少答案，请补充】

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions following the passage. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom. However, a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible. In reality, education does an aging brain good. Throughout life, people's brains constantly renovate themselves. In the late 1960s, British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions of rats through an electron microscope; their brains were forging new connections. This meant brains may change every time a person learns something new. Of course, that doesn't mean the brain isn't affected by the effects of time. Just as height usually declines over the years, so does brain volume: Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s. But that reduction doesn't necessarily make people think slower; as long as we are alive and functioning, we can alter our brains with new information and experiences.【缺少答案，请补充】

Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom. However, a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible. In reality, education does an aging brain good. Throughout life, people's brains constantly renovate themselves. In the late 1960s, British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions of rats through an electron microscope; their brains were forging new connections. This meant brains may change every time a person learns something new. Of course, that doesn't mean the brain isn't affected by the effects of time. Just as height usually declines over the years, so does brain volume: Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s. But that reduction doesn't necessarily make people think slower; as long as we are alive and functioning, we can alter our brains with new information and experiences. In fact, scientists now suspect accumulating novel experiences, facts, and skills can keep people's minds more flexible. New pathways can strengthen our ever-changing mental structure, even as the brain shrinks. Conventional fixes like word puzzles and brain-training apps can contribute to mental durability. Even something as simple as taking a different route to the grocery store or going somewhere new on vacation can keep the brain healthy. A desire for new life challenges can further boost brainpower. Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease. Openness - a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge - may also help folks pass brain tests. Some folks are born with this take-in-the-world attitude, but those who aren't as genetically gifted aren't necessarily out of luck. While genes can encourage an interest in doing new things, a 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games can enhance that desire for novel experiences, which can, in turn, refresh the brain. That's why brain scientist Richard Kennedy says, "It's not that old dogs can't learn new tricks. It's that maybe old dogs don't realize why they should."【缺少答案，请补充】